The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the agricultural sector of North African countries in the context of their participation in the global food system and the role of farming households in ensuring food security. The purpose of the study was to assess the position of the region’s countries in global agricultural production, to identify their niche specialization and the level of import dependence, as well as to characterize the current state of farming households as key food producers. The empirical basis of the study consists of statistical and analytical data from international organizations (FAO, World Bank, WFP, AfDB, IFAD) and national statistical services of Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia for the period 2008–2024. The research employs comparative, structural, and dynamic analysis methods, along with a system of indicators of food security and resource-use efficiency. The study demonstrates that, despite the agrarian orientation of North African economies, their combined share in global agriculture remains low and does not exceed 1%, while export activities are concentrated in a limited number of niche crops (olive oil, dates, citrus fruits, cotton, and sesame). A high level of import dependence on basic food commodities, particularly cereals, has been identified, which increases the vulnerability of the region to external price and logistical shocks. It is shown that farming households play a crucial role in supplying the domestic food market; however, their development is constrained by a low level of mechanization, limited access to finance, and insufficient development of processing capacities. The potential for growth of the farming sector and agricultural exports is substantiated, provided that institutional support, production modernization, and the adoption of resource-saving technologies are ensured.